Kant Theory and Justice

Immanuel Kant concerns himself with deontology, and as a deontologist, he be perchves that the salutaryness of an performance depends in percent on things other than the profoundness of its consequences, and so, work ons should be judged based on an intrinsic moral law that says whether the consummation is right or vituperate period. Kant introduced the aim Imperative which is the central philosophy of his theory of morality, and an understandable appeal to this moral law. It is divided into three preps.The first formulation of Kants level Imperative states that unrivaled should al expressive styles act in such a way that the motto of your action can be willed as a universal law of humanity an act is either right or wrong based on its ability to be universalized. This belief is part of the universal law theory and states that to de margeine if an action is essenti entirelyy good or bad, single must essentially imagine a sphere in which ein truth ane performed that same action constantly, and imagine if this would be a worthy world to hold in. If non, thence it is not okay to perform the action.He believes that this universal law lives within us it is not something that is imposed on us from the outside. For example if one kills oneself out of toilet table, it is logically contradictory because self-love refers to respect for ones self as a discerning being and demythologizedity is based on objective (undistorted by perception or individualal bias). So, one can never justify suicide. The maxim of killing oneself cannot possibly exist as a universal law. The snatch formulation states that one must report humanity whether in thine accept soulfulness or in that of every other, in every incase as an end withal, never as means only. For example, if I were to lie to a girl so that she would take aim to go out with me then I, in effect, use her. Kant would say that I do by her as a means to achieve my end, and he specifically prohibits manipulating or deceiving a soulfulness for the purposes of achieving a personal end. According to Kant, only people be rich as ends. Any action that disregards this is in clear violation of Kantian morality, and purports to nullify an individuals autonomy this consequently undermines a persons rational capability and reduces him/her to a thing.This implies that if someone robs you and takes your wallet, he is treating you as a thing and not as a person. The third and extreme formulation requires that one retards oneself as the source of all moral law. This only when emphasizes the fact that the moral agent is the one who chooses to act morally. This third formulation tells us to imagine ourselves as the sole lawmaker in a society, and to choose the best possible set of laws that the society of rational beings would live by. Kant believes that we all have reason within us, but some choose to respond and act upon it while others do not.We can reason the way things ought to b e, and based on that is how we should act, which explains Kants view that a moral action must be chosen through moral reason. For example, one does not cheat on a running game because ones reason tells him or her that it is wrong, not the consequences that follow if one gets caught. Another example is that we do not need the law to tell us not to buy because it is immoral we simply have to access our ability to reason to edit this. In a world where each individual recognizes his/her moral self-regard and freely chooses to adopt the same universalizable moral law, all actions become good.In opposition to the Categorical Imperative is Kants Hypothetical Imperative, which states that a accompaniment action is necessary as a means to some purpose. Kant believes that these actions are not always moral because they are not performed out of polished good will (pure business), which is the only thing in the world that is unambiguously good. In the case of the ethical credibility of the principles of optimistic action, Kants Categorical Imperative provides for the basis of approval. It is primarily out of a sense of duty that a society would fascinatek to assist its struggling members who are in need of dish.The action so far seems good, but we must test its universality. Can we imagine ourselves living in a world in which all societies seek to aid the underprivileged and the deprived at the excellent expense of others? Absolutely yes. It is important for one to bear in mind, however, that it is the very action of helping that is being judged as inherently good or bad, and not the actions admirable or overbearing ring consequences. Secondly, we must test that the action is regarding everyone involved as ends and not as means to any particular purpose.Since the aim of affirmative action is to help the current predicaments of those people who were victimized in the one-time(prenominal), focus is placed on respecting every individuals autonomy. In this way, we can see that affirmative action is not a devious plan that seeks to manipulate, but one that seeks to compensate by adjusting the means (circumstances) and not the ends (individuals). Lastly, we must see if the action is establishing a universal law governing others in similar situations one should behave as if one is the absolute moral authority of the universe.Is complemental this action consistent with the application of moral law? If so, the affirmative action passes these three tests and the action is good. In his Objections to assentient meet, James Sterba duologue about why he believes that optimistic pull through is morally wrong. He argues that a persons race shouldnt control his or her point of interest. Sterba argues that Affirmative proceeding leads to injustice and it is un circus to the white non minority males because it deprives them of bear on opportunity by selecting or appointing women or minority candidates over more qualified nonminority male candida tes. He believes that the job of the government is to eliminate all kinds of discriminatory policies. He thinks that alternative designs are preferable. Thus, the government should instead kindle equal opportunities through plans within agencies and departments instead of through Affirmative Action which he believes is a fancy word for discrimination. He argues that it is not fair to those who are more qualified for certain opportunities and cannot receive them either because they are not women or because they are not part of the minority.In his root Objection, he argues that Affirmative Action is not required to compensate for inequitable institutions in the distant past. He talks about Morris argument that what occurred in the past is not the primary issue that puts all present-day African Americans at an unfair disadvantage it is more about the issues of more new-fashioned origin. He makes a point that discrimination today could very thoroughly be the source of the disa dvantaged disposition of African Americans and other minority groups, and it is certainly something that society could do without.The question remains that in attempting to level the playing field and eliminate present-day discrimination in America, is Affirmative Action a practical approach and should such a program be endorsed? The Fourth Objection goes on to say that Affirmative Action hurts those who receive it because in some ways the people benefitting from it would not see the need to work as hard, and it places women and minorities in positions for which they are not qualified. Sterba proposes that one of the solutions to this problem could be the installation education enhancement programs to compensate for any lack of skills. He believes that this will in a short epoch ensure that minorities are appropriately qualified for a position.In retort to Sterbas First Objection, Kant would agree that the rightness of Affirmative Action should be based upon the circumstances of the present situation and not what had occurred in the past this is evident mainly through his a priori form of philosophical deductive reasoning that judges an action before the experience, or in the moment. However, Kant would disaccord with Sterbas Fourth Objection because in my opinion, Kants deontological theory correlates with the justness of the affirmative action in its very aim toward helping the right people. Affirmative action has not significantly diminished gender, racial, and all other forms of discrimination, but the action has promoted equality and diversity to a large extent. In a world where everyone performs the good will, there is justice and the installation of this program only serves to come closer to this justice.Discrimination is wrong because it violates a persons basic and intrinsic moral rights. Thus, in itself the adoption of this program is an action that is good because without Affirmative Action it is neat in many ways that minorities would remain at a disadvantaged position in the educational system and not be allowed the opportunity to exercise their true potential. Kant would argue that it is a duty out of good will to treat people equally. The concepts of equality and autonomy are emphasized in the personality of this program because it strives to treat everyone as a free person equal to everyone else.According to Kant, one should be treated as ends not as mere means. It can be argued that African Americans at a disadvantaged position were being treated as means by the plethoric culture to achieve its own ends in the system. Discrimination cannot exist as a system of nature because those who discriminate would not want to be similarly discriminated against if things were reversed, and so Affirmative Action is justified because it aims to open the gateway of opportunities to those who have been oppressed for years.That being said, Kant would examine the action itself and not the consequences of the action. When making d ecisions, one has to put oneself into other peoples shoes and see if one wants to be treated the same way others have been treated it is a duty to treat others as we ourselves want to be treated. Affirmative Action not necessarily needed in this society to reduce the inherent inequalities that are still existent, but it can certainly be used to assist in leveling the playing field. Affirmative Action has been successful on a short term basis, that is, in ncreasing the government agency of minorities (including women) in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. However, on the long term basis it can be argued that the program only serves to perpetuate a cycle of need. Kant advocates the idea of equality through his deontological theory by saying that all people deserve equal treatment as rational ends in themselves and that this should never be compromised by the flaws in any fond system.

What Did Charles George Gordon Do to Earn the View That He Was an Imperial Hero and Was It Justified?

What did Charles George Gordon do to earn the view that he was an Imperial pigboat and was it justified? When discus go againstg torpedoes the offshoot things that would come to mind be selfless individuals, they would project a trem lay offous amount of bravery in the face of original defeat and pay the courage and determination to jiffy all overwhelming odds. The vocabulary definitions of heroes are a mythological or fabled figure a good deal of divine descent endowed with great specialization and ability or a military personnel admired for his achievements and noble qualities.Charles George Gordon has g one down in history as a an purplish hero, during this stress I entrust ascertain what it was Charles Gordon did to earn this title and whether or not it was justified. Gordon was the son of a Royal Artillery officer and born in 1833. He was bulge out of a large family with five sisters and five brothers. It would be from one his sisters that Gordon would rapture for his fast ghostly views as his life went on. Gordon followed in his fathers footsteps and enlisted in the force, he joined the Royal Engineers as an officer.Gordon thrived in the Engineers with the temper of the work perfectly suited to his personality they were affix all over the world building bridges, siege work and buildings all over the world. champion of his first postings was to Pembroke Dock in Wale, here Gordon converted to Christianity. Although this wasnt the kickoff of the Gospel string outing Gordon we have it away today, he was comfort indifferent with regards to his devotion he was not actively spreading the Christian word.By the time of his finish, Gordon was a devout Christian, he did not fear final stage for he rightfully entangle that goal would lead him to a develop place. By 1854 Gordon had make out a very religious universekind, a atomic pile of the basis be attri simplyed to his older sister Augusta. He wrote to her often nigh thankin g her for her spiritual guidance whilst also keeping her updated with his religious journey You know I was neer confirmed. When I was a cadet, I senseing it was a useless sin as I did not intend to deepen (not that it was in my billet to be converted when I chose).I plain, took my first Lords Supper on easter day, and have communed ever since. (Churchill, 2009, p95) I feel that his reposition in religious views ultimately would have a huge simulate in how we was remembered and thought of. Religion was a huge part of the conglomerate, although the briny stimulants for empire were to th to a lower place lands and capture natural resources, there was an aspect that by colonising lands it would also spread the message of God. Civilise and educate the savages of outside lands. At the height of the imperial age church people liked to implore that religion and the British empire were inseparable- that the visible, commercial and policy-making empire was twine into the fab ric of another, unperceivable country- a spiritual empire (Carey, 2008, p1). Charles Gordon was give military many a(prenominal) different political roles deep down the British Empire whilst serving in the army, up to now it is the Sudan that he is renowned for. In 1874 was appointed the full governor of the Sudan. In normal Gordon style he launched himself into his new role, paying accompaniment attention to the hold in and stopping of the break ones concealment duty.This was the sort of impossible task that Gordon relished. Gordon despised the slave trade, and he wrote often about it, voicing his turn ones stomach frequently in his letters. I am a fool, I presume say, but I cannot see the sufferings of these peoples without tears in my eyes. . (2010, Moore-Hall) Alice Moore-Hall writes that contempt his hero label, Gordon didnt successfully complete his objectives. Gordon essentially brought the area under the adjudge of Egypt, however Moore-Hall explains that th is was exactly palpablely the case when Gordon or his re interpretatives were present in the region.He was extremely successful at reducing the slave trade at bottom the Sudan, a somewhat difficult task considering the affect that it had on the economy of the area. He did not however completely stop it, something that Moore-Hall attributes to the locals within Gordons journey due to the participation of peoples under his command partaking in the enterprises they were in situation charged with stopping. The economic interestingness, political stability and kindly relations brought into skepticism by the slave trade make it a practice that even the likes of Gordon would fail to eradicate.So the question remains, was it his efforts in Sudan that brought him despairing experimental condition within the empire, it wasnt a finished job, there was no real glory or great British achievement within Gordons actions on his first trip to the Sudan, he wasnt even working(a) for the B ritish military at the time. Gordon left the Sudan in 1879 with the intention of turn the Private depository to the Viceroy of India amongst other things such as tour Palestine, South Africa and Ireland. none of the positions he undertook pursual the Sudan were of any great immensity racylighting the privation of trust in him from the British War Office.When face at the roles which Gordon undertook, it is conjectural to question why it was exactly that he was the man sent to the Sudan when shake up was arising? The British presidency, led by blend had savagely attacked Disraeli and the previous disposals foreign policies, yet by 1882 an incursion of Egypt was sanctioned in smart set to protect the Suez Canal. This led to further mesh with the Sudan due to its ties with Egypt. A self proclaimed leader of Muslims, intent on holy contend and cleansing the Muslim religion had succeeded in uniting the various groupings within the Sudan.The British political relation m ore than likely would have been happy with abandoning the Sudan, maybe even Egypt. It is believed by Historians such as Michael Asher that Gladstone felt tend to intervene in the Sudan due to his beliefs that the Sudanese were seek to be free. By the end of 1883, Army Officers, clergymen, Egyptian Experts and even queen Victoria herself were lobbying for Government intervention, more importantly, for Gordon. Gladstone reportedly had an intense nauseate for Gordon, he felt that he was some(prenominal) rash and irresponsible.The media and globe however did not feel the same way. W T Stead of the cash in ones chips Mall Gazzette wrote We cannot bill a regiment to Khartoum, but we can circularize a man who on similar circumstances than an entire army. wherefore not institutionalize Chinese Gordon with full powers to Khartoum, to assume absolute control for the territory, to treat with the Mahdi, to quiet the garrisons , and do what he can to save what can be relieve from t he wreck of the Sudan? (Asher (2003) p4). This attitude was enthusiastically backed up Stead with their O.K. of Gordon.This wave of stick up pushed the government into acting quickly. This public support tells us that Gordon was held in high regard prior to his split second visit to the Sudan. He had proven to the empire his skills, he held religion in extremely high regard and previous form tells us he achieved results. He gained an foreign reputation as an effective commander of arm forces not as skilled as the British. Particularly in China, he was rewarded by both the Chinese and the British for his efforts in quashing a rebellion.Surely he was the perfect man for the job. By the December of 1883, the British had ordered the Egyptians to order their troops to sequestrate and abandon the Sudan along with civilians and families. Gordon was sent with the intention of assisting the plans for evacuation. Gordon arrived in February the following form and immediately began to ev acuate the women, children sick and wounded back to Egypt. It didnt gather up long for Mahdis forces closed in the Sudanese capital following astounding defeats of the Egyptian forces.By April the British Forces had all draw back from Garrisons in the Sudan effectively leaving Gordon and his men aban maked. Gordon was not sent to the Sudan to mesh the Mahdi, furthermost from it and when the news had travelled that Gordon was in Sudan, he genuine little sympathy from the British Government. Gladstone did not act fleetly in move a rescue party. It is believed by historians such as Dennis Judd, that the delay in this relief party was down to the Governments lack of interest in expending money abroad and annoyance that Gordon had not done what he was asked.The government dragged and the public rallied. Public Opinion in the end was too strong for the government and in the end an order was given to relieve Gordon in Khartoum, unfortunately for Gordon, and the government, it was too late. In the early hours of January twenty-sixth 1885 Gordon was murdered by Mahdi forces. There were various accounts of his death, varying in details. However the one that captured the Victorian peoples imaginations. Gordon immaculately dressed fighting to the end.When addressing what it was that made Gordon the imperial hero he was is an interesting one, he was not your stereotypical Imperial hero. What he did do was heroically defend Khartoum, save thousands of women and children with his evacuation. For this it is funfair that he is acclaimed a hero. But with regards to a hero of empire, it is harder to justify. He rallied against colonial rule, he didnt obey his orders with regards to the evacuation of Sudan and he severely undermined the British government of the time. further he captured the hearts of a nation and mayhap most importantly, a queen. Dear Miss Gordon How shall I write to you, or how shall I adjudicate to express what I feel To think of your dear, nob le, heroic Brother who served his orbit and his Queen so truly, so heroically (Churchill, S (2009) p112). this extract from a letter to Gordons sister captures not only the true thoughts of a queen, but perhaps a nation. Statues were erected and schools were named after him as well as books, journals and biographies written to celebrate a nations hero. In my sagacity I check it very hard to describe Gordon as a hero of the empire.He was as a Christian Martyr foremost, he believed in honour, fairness and god before all else. His life was captured after his death and used to uphold jingoistic ideals, the hijackers in fact were the following government, Disraeli jumped aboard promoting an empire of promised land was exactly what the country wanted following the death of Gordon. However, despite the stories and support he received post-mortem the fact was he never conquered a sensation mile of land for the Queen, and spent the majority of his biography working for foreign gover nments and not in fact the British Army.He was a hero for his achievements, chaste code and was someone to look up to and be after to be but he was not an imperial hero. Churchill, S (2009). world(a) Gordon A Christian Hero. capital of the United Kingdom Trediton. Judd, D (1997). Empire. Great Britain Basicbooks. Pollock, J (1993). Gordon, The man behind the Legend. London Constable. Asher, M (2003). Khartoum. 2nd ed. London Penquin. Carey, H (2008). Empires of Religion. advanced Zealand Macmillan. Moore-Hall, A (2010). Egypts Africa Empire Samuel Baker, Charles Gordon the Creation of Equatoria. Sussex Sussex Academic PressWhat Did Charles George Gordon Do to Earn the View That He Was an Imperial Hero and Was It Justified?What did Charles George Gordon do to earn the view that he was an Imperial Hero and was it justified? When discussing heroes the first things that would come to mind are selfless individuals, they would show a tremendous amount of bravery in the face of certai n defeat and have the courage and determination to beat overwhelming odds. The dictionary definitions of heroes are a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength and ability or a man admired for his achievements and noble qualities.Charles George Gordon has at rest(p) down in history as a an imperial hero, during this essay I will ascertain what it was Charles Gordon did to earn this title and whether or not it was justified. Gordon was the son of a Royal Artillery officer and born in 1833. He was part of a large family with five sisters and five brothers. It would be from one his sisters that Gordon would inspiration for his strong religious views as his life went on. Gordon followed in his fathers footsteps and enlisted in the military, he joined the Royal Engineers as an officer.Gordon thrived in the Engineers with the nature of the work perfectly suited to his personality they were posted all over the world building bridges, siege work a nd buildings all over the world. One of his first postings was to Pembroke Dock in Wale, here Gordon converted to Christianity. Although this wasnt the beginning of the Gospel spreading Gordon we know today, he was still indifferent with regards to his religion he was not actively spreading the Christian word.By the time of his death, Gordon was a devout Christian, he did not fear death for he genuinely felt that death would lead him to a better place. By 1854 Gordon had become a very religious man, a lot of the can be attributed to his older sister Augusta. He wrote to her often almost thanking her for her spiritual guidance whilst also keeping her updated with his religious journey You know I was never confirmed. When I was a cadet, I thought it was a useless sin as I did not intend to alter (not that it was in my power to be converted when I chose).I however, took my first sacrament on Easter day, and have communed ever since. (Churchill, 2009, p95) I feel that his change in reli gious views ultimately would have a huge affect in how we was remembered and thought of. Religion was a huge part of the Empire, although the main stimulants for empire were to expand lands and capture natural resources, there was an aspect that by colonising lands it would also spread the message of God. Civilise and educate the savages of foreign lands. At the height of the imperial age church people liked to argue that religion and the British empire were inseparable- that the visible, commercial and political empire was woven into the fabric of another, invisible country- a spiritual empire (Carey, 2008, p1). Charles Gordon was given many different political roles within the British Empire whilst serving in the army, however it is the Sudan that he is renowned for. In 1874 was appointed the full Governor of the Sudan. In typical Gordon style he launched himself into his new role, paying particular attention to the curbing and stopping of the slave trade.This was the sort of impo ssible task that Gordon relished. Gordon despised the slave trade, and he wrote often about it, voicing his disgust frequently in his letters. I am a fool, I dare say, but I cannot see the sufferings of these peoples without tears in my eyes. . (2010, Moore-Hall) Alice Moore-Hall writes that despite his hero label, Gordon didnt successfully complete his objectives. Gordon essentially brought the area under the control of Egypt, however Moore-Hall explains that this was only really the case when Gordon or his representatives were present in the region.He was extremely successful at reducing the slave trade within the Sudan, a somewhat difficult task considering the affect that it had on the economy of the area. He did not however completely stop it, something that Moore-Hall attributes to the locals within Gordons expedition due to the participation of peoples under his command partaking in the enterprises they were in fact charged with stopping. The economic interest, political stab ility and social relations brought into question by the slave trade made it a practice that even the likes of Gordon would fail to eradicate.So the question remains, was it his efforts in Sudan that brought him heroic status within the empire, it wasnt a finished job, there was no real glory or great British achievement within Gordons actions on his first trip to the Sudan, he wasnt even working for the British military at the time. Gordon left the Sudan in 1879 with the intention of becoming the Private Secretary to the Viceroy of India amongst other things such as visiting Palestine, South Africa and Ireland. None of the positions he undertook following the Sudan were of any great importance highlighting the lack of trust in him from the British War Office.When looking at the roles which Gordon undertook, it is reasonable to question why it was exactly that he was the man sent to the Sudan when trouble was arising? The British Government, led by Gladstone had viciously attacked Di sraeli and the previous governments foreign policies, yet by 1882 an invasion of Egypt was sanctioned in order to protect the Suez Canal. This led to further involvement with the Sudan due to its ties with Egypt. A self proclaimed leader of Muslims, intent on holy war and cleansing the Muslim religion had succeeded in uniting the various groupings within the Sudan.The British government more than likely would have been happy with abandoning the Sudan, perhaps even Egypt. It is believed by Historians such as Michael Asher that Gladstone felt inclined to intervene in the Sudan due to his beliefs that the Sudanese were struggling to be free. By the end of 1883, Army Officers, clergymen, Egyptian Experts and even Queen Victoria herself were lobbying for Government intervention, more importantly, for Gordon. Gladstone reportedly had an intense dislike for Gordon, he felt that he was both rash and irresponsible.The media and public however did not feel the same way. W T Stead of the Pall Mall Gazzette wrote We cannot send a regiment to Khartoum, but we can send a man who on similar circumstances than an entire army. Why not send Chinese Gordon with full powers to Khartoum, to assume absolute control for the territory, to treat with the Mahdi, to relieve the garrisons , and do what he can to save what can be saved from the wreck of the Sudan? (Asher (2003) p4). This attitude was enthusiastically backed up Stead with their backing of Gordon.This wave of support pushed the government into acting quickly. This public support tells us that Gordon was held in high regard prior to his second visit to the Sudan. He had proven to the empire his skills, he held religion in extremely high regard and previous form tells us he achieved results. He gained an international reputation as an effective commander of armed forces not as skilled as the British. Particularly in China, he was rewarded by both the Chinese and the British for his efforts in quashing a rebellion.Surely he w as the perfect man for the job. By the December of 1883, the British had ordered the Egyptians to order their troops to retreat and abandon the Sudan along with civilians and families. Gordon was sent with the intention of assisting the plans for evacuation. Gordon arrived in February the following year and immediately began to evacuate the women, children sick and wounded back to Egypt. It didnt take long for Mahdis forces closed in the Sudanese capital following astounding defeats of the Egyptian forces.By April the British Forces had all withdrawn from Garrisons in the Sudan effectively leaving Gordon and his men abandoned. Gordon was not sent to the Sudan to fight the Mahdi, far from it and when the news had travelled that Gordon was in Sudan, he received little sympathy from the British Government. Gladstone did not act swiftly in sending a rescue party. It is believed by historians such as Dennis Judd, that the delay in this relief party was down to the Governments lack of int erest in spending money abroad and annoyance that Gordon had not done what he was asked.The government dragged and the public rallied. Public Opinion in the end was too strong for the government and in the end an order was given to relieve Gordon in Khartoum, unfortunately for Gordon, and the government, it was too late. In the early hours of January 26th 1885 Gordon was murdered by Mahdi forces. There were various accounts of his death, varying in details. However the one that captured the Victorian peoples imaginations. Gordon immaculately dressed fighting to the end.When addressing what it was that made Gordon the imperial hero he was is an interesting one, he was not your stereotypical Imperial hero. What he did do was heroically defend Khartoum, save thousands of women and children with his evacuation. For this it is fair that he is acclaimed a hero. But with regards to a hero of empire, it is harder to justify. He rallied against colonial rule, he didnt obey his orders with re gards to the evacuation of Sudan and he severely undermined the British government of the time. Yet he captured the hearts of a nation and perhaps most importantly, a queen. Dear Miss Gordon How shall I write to you, or how shall I attempt to express what I feel To think of your dear, noble, heroic Brother who served his Country and his Queen so truly, so heroically (Churchill, S (2009) p112). this extract from a letter to Gordons sister captures not only the true thoughts of a queen, but perhaps a nation. Statues were erected and schools were named after him as well as books, journals and biographies written to celebrate a nations hero. In my opinion I find it very hard to describe Gordon as a hero of the empire.He was as a Christian Martyr foremost, he believed in honour, fairness and god before all else. His life was captured after his death and used to promote jingoistic ideals, the hijackers in fact were the following government, Disraeli jumped aboard promoting an empire of E nlightenment was exactly what the country wanted following the death of Gordon. However, despite the stories and support he received post-mortem the fact was he never conquered a single mile of land for the Queen, and spent the majority of his career working for foreign governments and not in fact the British Army.He was a hero for his achievements, moral code and was someone to look up to and aspire to be but he was not an imperial hero. Churchill, S (2009). General Gordon A Christian Hero. London Trediton. Judd, D (1997). Empire. Great Britain Basicbooks. Pollock, J (1993). Gordon, The man behind the Legend. London Constable. Asher, M (2003). Khartoum. 2nd ed. London Penquin. Carey, H (2008). Empires of Religion. New Zealand Macmillan. Moore-Hall, A (2010). Egypts Africa Empire Samuel Baker, Charles Gordon the Creation of Equatoria. Sussex Sussex Academic Press

OB standard

Comparing westbound and Philippine standards and Issues regarding maternal and fry health carry off A. Advanced take in Roles Nurses are the ones primarily doing the health assessment and they expand their roles by not Just being an educator or a following physicians order. They similarly know how to look and assess a person and accept a diagnosis which base help them determine the mothers need. They can find signs that can lead them to modify their platform and make the most appropriate care management for them.They can order lab exults and are also adroit to read diagnostic test results and participate in research studies. They cooperate with other health care teams to formulate a care plan and they motivate the patients to cooperate. B. Ethical & Legal Issues Laws and bills Philippines, being a conservative country, has laws that escort the rights of the fetus and even though bills (egg. RE BILL) are being proposed to be the solution for the problems in our country, we a re still tentative and looking at it very carefully.The Filipino people believe that these bills can still have some reformations and that it ill be less immoral and more ethical. western countries are more liberated that the Philippines, thus they have laws regarding the maternal and child health care (egg. Legal abortions). Ethical Issues In Reproduction guide conflicts In which a woman behaves In a way that whitethorn ca use harm to her or the fetus. Conflicts occur when the mothers needs, behaviors or wishes may scandalise the fetus Infertility Treatment Perennial technology has found was for previously infertile couples to bear children.But ethical concerns include the high cost and boilers suit low success of some infertility reattempts. Other ethical concerns rivet on the fate of unused embryos- should it be kept for later use or for genetic research. Surrogate parenting Its when a woman agrees to bear an infant for another woman. Conception may take place outside the embody using ova and sperm from the couple then Implanted on the replenishment mother. An issue closely related to surrogate parenting is the use of donor fetal Injury If a mothers action cause injury to her fetus, whether she should be retiring or prosecuted had legal and ethical implications.

Second Foundation 12. Lord

Of either the foundings of the Galaxy, Kalgan doubtless had the most unique history. That of the planet Terminus, for instance, was that of an almost uninterrupted rise. That of Trantor, once cap of the Galaxy, was that of an almost uninterrupted fall. simply Kalgan-Kalgan first gained fame as the pleasure fill outledge domain of the Galaxy two centuries in front the birth of Hari Seldon. It was a pleasure world in the sense that it made an industry and an immensely profitable wizard, at that out of amusement.And it was a stable industry. It was the most stable industry in the Galaxy. When all the Galaxy perished as a civilization, little by little, bargonly a feathers weight of catastrophe fell upon Kalgan. No matter how the frugality and sociology of the neighboring sectors of the Galaxy changed, there was everlastingly an elite and it is always the feature film of an elite that it possesses leisure as the great reward of its elite-hood.Kalgan was at the service, the refore, in turn and successfully of the effete and perfumed dandies of the Imperial Court with their sparkling and obscene ladies of the rough and raucous warlords who ruled in iron the worlds they had gained in blood, with their ungoverned and lascivious wenches of the plump and luxurious businessmen of the design, with their lush and flagitious working girles.It was instead a undiscriminating, since they all had money. And since Kalgan serviced all and barred none since its commodity was in unflagging demand since it had the wisdom to interfere in no worlds politics, to stand on no ones legitimacy, it prospered when nothing else did, and remained fat when all grew thin.That is, until the Mule. Then, somehow, it fell, too, before a conqueror who was impervious to amusement, or to anything besides conquest. To him all planets were alike, even Kalgan.So for a decade, Kalgan found itself in the strange role of Galactic metropolis mistress of the greatest imperium since the end of the Galactic Empire itself.And then, with the death of the Mule, as sudden as the zoom, came the drop. The base of operations broke away. With it and after it, much of the rest of the Mules dominions. Fifty years later there was left moreover the bewildering holding of that short space of power, like an opium dream. Kalgan never quite recovered. It could never counter to the unconcerned pleasure world it had been, for the spell of power never quite releases its bold. It lived instead under a succession of men whom the Foundation called the clerics of Kalgan, but who styled themselves get-go Citizen of the Galaxy, in imitation of the Mules only title, and who maintained the fiction that they were conquerors too.The topical Lord of Kalgan had held that position for five months. He had gained it originally by rightfulness of his position at the head of the Kalganian navy, and through a lamentable overleap of caution on the part of the previous lord. thus far no one o n Kalgan was quite stupid comely to go into the question of legitimacy too grand or too closely. These things observeed, and are best accepted.Yet that sort of survival of the fittest in addition to dressting a gift on bloodiness and evil, occasionally allowed capability to come to the fore as well. Lord Stettin was competent enough and not easy to manage.Not easy for his eminence, the stolon Minister, who, with fine impartiality, had served the last lord as well as the rescue and who would, if he lived long enough, serve the next as honestly.Nor easy for the doll Callia, who was Stettins more than than friend, yet less than wife.In Lord Stettins private apartments the triad were alone that evening. The First Citizen, bulky and glistening in the admirals uniform that he affected, scowled from out the unupholstered chair in which he sat as rigidly as the plastic of which it was composed. His First Minister Lev Meirus, faced him with a far-off unconcern, his long, nervous fi ngers stroking absently and rhythmically the deep line that turn from hooked nose along gaunt and sunken cheek to the point, nearly, of the gray-bearded chin. The doll Callia disposed of herself gracefully on the deeply furred covering of a foamite couch, her full lips trembling a bit in an unheeded pout.Sir, state Meirus it was the only title adhering to a lord who was styled only First Citizen, you privation a certain view of the continuity of history. Your feature life, with its tremendous revolutions, leads you to call back of the course of civilization as something equally amenable to sudden change. provided it is not.The Mule showed otherwise.But who can follow in his footsteps. He was more than man, remember. And be, too, was not entirely successful.Poochie, whimpered the Lady Callia, suddenly, and then shrank into herself at the furious motion from the First Citizen.Lord Stettin verbalise, harshly, Do not interrupt, Callia. Meirus, I am jade of inaction. My predeces sor spent his life polishing the navy into a finely-turned dick that has not its equal in the Galaxy. And he died with the magnificent machine assembly idle. Am I to continue that? I, an Admiral of the Navy?How long before the machine rusts? At present, it is a drain on the Treasury and returns nothing. Its officers long for dominion, its men for loot. All Kalgan desires the return of Empire and notoriety. Are you capable of spirit that?These are but words that you use, but I grasp your meaning. Dominion, loot, glory pleasant when they are obtained, but the process of obtaining them is often risky and always unpleasant. The first fine flush may not last. And in all history, it has never been wise to attack the Foundation. Even the Mule would have been wiser to refrain- in that respect were tears in the Lady Callias blue, empty eyes. Of late, Poochie scarcely saw her, and now, when he had promised the evening to her, this horrible, thin, gray man, who always looked through her r ather than at her, had hale his way in. And Poochie let him. She dared not say anything was frightened even of the cock that forced its way out.But Stettin was speaking now in the part she hated, hard and Impatient. He was saying Youre a slave to the far past. The Foundation is greater in volume and population, but they are loosely pucker and will fall apart at a blow. What holds them together these days is merely inertia an inertia I am strong enough to smash. You are hypnotized by the old days when only the Foundation had atomic power. They were able to dodge the last hammer blows of the dying Empire and then faced only the unbrained anarchy of the warlords who would counter the Foundations atomic vessels only with hulks and relics.But the Mule, my dear Meirus, has changed that. He spread the knowledge, that the Foundation had hoarded to itself, through half the Galaxy and the monopoly in science is gone forever. We can match them.And the wink Foundation? questioned Meirus , coolly.And the Second Foundation? repeated Stettin as coolly. Do you know its intentions? It took ten years to stop the Mule, if, indeed, it was the factor, which some doubt. Are you unaware that a grievous many of the Foundations psychologists and sociologists are of the opinion that the Seldon Plan has been completely cut off since the days of the Mule? If the Plan has gone, then a vacuum exists which I may fill as well as the next man.Our knowledge of these matters is not great enough to warrant the gamble. Our knowledge, perhaps, but we have a Foundation visitor on the planet. Did you know that? A Homir Munn who, I understand, has indite articles on the Mule, and has expressed exactly that opinion, that the Seldon Plan no longer exists.The First Minister nodded, I have heard of him, or at to the lowest degree of his writings. What does he desire?He asks permission to enter the Mules palace.Indeed? It would be wise to refuse. It is never advisable to disturb the superstiti ons with which a planet is held.I will consider that and we will speak again.Meirus bowed himself out.Lady Callia said tearfully, Are you angry with me, Poochie?***Stettin turned on her savagely. Have I not told you before never to call me by that ridiculous name in the presence of others?You used to like it.Well, I dont any more, and it is not to happen again.He stared at her darkly. It was a mystery to him that he tolerated her these days. She was a soft, light thing, comfortable to the touch, with a pliable affection that was a convenient facet to a hard life. Yet, even that affection was becoming wearisome. She dreamed of marriage, of being First Lady.RidiculousShe was all very well when he had been an admiral only but now as First Citizen and future conqueror, he necessary more. He needed heirs who could unite his future dominions, something the Mule had never had, which was why his Empire did not survive his strange nonhuman life. He, Stettin, needed someone of the great historic families of the Foundation with whom he could fuse dynasties.He wondered testily why he did not rid himself of Callia now. It would be no trouble. She would whine a bit- He dismissed the thought. She had her points, occasionally.Callia was cheering up now. The regularise of Graybeard was gone and her Poochies granite face was softening now. She lifted herself in a single, fluid motion and melted toward him.Youre not going to scold me, are you?No. He patted her absently. Now just sit quietly for a while, will you? I want to think.About the man from the Foundation?Yes.Poochie? This was a pause.What?Poochie, the man has a little girl with him, you said. Remember? Could I teach her when she comes? I never-Now what do you think I want him to father his brat with him for? Is my audience room to be a grammar school? full of your nonsense, Callia.But Ill take care of her, Poochie. You wont even have to bother with her. Its just that I hardly ever see children, and you know ho w I savour them.He looked at her sardonically. She never tired of this approach. She loved children i.e. his children i.e. his legitimate children i.e. marriage. He laughed.This particular little piece, he said, is a great girl of cardinal or fifteen. Shes probably as tall as you are.Callia looked crushed. Well, could I, anyway? She could express me about the Foundation? Ive always wanted to go there, you know. My grandfather was a Foundation man. Wont you take me there, sometime, Poochie?Stettin smiled at the thought. Perhaps he would, as conqueror. The good nature that the thought supplied him with made itself felt in his words, I will, I will. And you can see the girl and talk Foundation to her all you want. But not near me, understand.I wont bother you, honestly. Ill have her in my own rooms. She was happy again. It was not very often these days that she was allowed to have her way. She put her arms about his neck and after the slightest hesitation, she felt its tendons relax and the magnanimous head come softly down upon her shoulder.

A Discussion About Animals

There atomic number 18 heaps of zoos all over the world. A zoo can be set forth as the collection of various animal species found in nature. mint can go to bed about animals by chewing zoos. Whether animals should be unplowed in zoos or not,different good deal have different ideas. Some people are in favor of holding animals in zoos. However,others argue that keeping animals in zoos ignores animal rights. This essay will discuss the pros and cons of keeping animals in zoos. The main advantage of keeping animals in zoos is that they get saved from dangers of predators. By keeping animals in zoos ensures their safety.At the same time,animals would be kept away from disorder if they were in zoos. Moreover,animals in zoos are provided with proper diet. In jungle life, mosttimes some(prenominal) animals have difficulty finding foods. In zoos,zoo keepers supply animals with food at a certain time. The animals would have an increased life span because in that respect are no preda tors and they will never starve for food. In addition,there are many interesting facilities in the zoo. Animals can use them for fun. Furthermore,keeping animals in zoos is genial for entertainment of human beings.Zoos provide a way for people to defer a closer look at animals and see how they behave. People visit zoos not only for entertainment but also for educational purposes. many another(prenominal) schools visit zoos to know more about endangered species and the way to economise them. However,there are also some disadvantages of keeping animals in the zoo. Firstly,it cant be denied that some zoos misuse and violate the animal rights. The workers in some zoos treat animals in a cruel manner. Secondly,animals are kept in zoos for a broad time ,they may lose their instinct ability to come through in the natural environment.Animals are equal to human beings. Nobody can fall behind from depriving of liberty. In conclusion,we have no right to keep animals in zoos. In my opini on,it is wrong to keep animals in zoos. We should respect animal rights. Animals can survive in the natural environment by themselves. If human beings want to know more about animals,they can read books and search information on the Internet or watch TV instead of visiting zoos. charge animals in zoos is not the only way to conserve endangered species. We humankind can do much more things to protect animals.

Paradise Road- Creative Essay

I didnt have to, only when I did. It was an order, what other choice did I have? I was merely a low level officer the power was in Hirotos hands. She bust the camp rules, outside dealings, but did she? It was medicine to save vindicated women, innocent women who have been caught up in a war for power, which has resulted in the women seemly the powerless, and me the mightily. Each day I have to dig deep, keep on digging I tell myself, for reasons to be here pride, family honour, dignity for my people, repute what father said japanese be the ones who made the Europeans rich, yet for hundreds of geezerhood the Europeans sceneed down upon us, now its Japans turn, still, my moral scruples has clouded my mind to the atrocities that I have seen, a short cadence ago I was a teacher of a class with fractional Japanese and half European, and they couldnt see any differences, they looked to the inside, why squirtt these officers look to the inside, morality in children is a quality that is requisite now, yet I see the children in the camp being bashed by that brute Tomiashi, I want to help, but Japan is now powerful, Japan must prevail.I passed the fuel to Tanaka, my hand trembling, I wanted to secure onto the bottle, throw it away, throw all this away, is this how far we have come, is the power authentically worth this? Ablaze, my eyes cloud while I have to take myself non to react, I must be strong in move of these European women, the powerful are not weak, they have oppressed me, although I cannot see it, them crying is the first instance of any reminisce of art object emotion since I left my teaching job in the village, I didnt want to leave the students, but the European students had fled with their families and we had instilled in our minds that the powerful nation would prevail, but is power worth this? I feel the muddiness and anguish drop over me like a sheet of chilliness rain that chills you to your spine, this is wrong, this is wrong, bu t its for the great nation, we will be powerful, my brave out feels queasy. Days pass, although I feel no time as my reason feels extinguished, another ladyshe merely spoke, she merely spoke I utter to myself, this is becoming too much, but I tie her to the posts, and insert the precipitate bamboo into the ground, she has disrespected the Emperor she must honour the flag, stuff the emperor I posit to myself, as I watch this innocent women struggle in the Sumatran sun as she fights to stay upright and avoid being impaled.let me run over, let me free her, please I tell my heart, I plead with my heart, but my brain prevents me, its for the nation, we will be powerful, but somehow that ideology is not what drives me to watch on, I am emotionless while watching this torture being committed, stuff the emperor, I hold my fists. The choir lady runs over with water, God bless her, humanity It was not to be, Tomiashi yells and I have to intervene, emotion takes over me, Im no-account I tell her Im sorry, now I know that my heart and my mind are as one, no tally of power is worth this, this innocent women should not be here, she should be at home with her loving family, as should I, shes so beautiful, I look out over her, my wife it is only good luck that it is not her who is baking in the sun, my mind is made, stuff the emperor. Japan loses, Captain Tanaka and the other leading officers trounce about the dishonour, the poverty that Japan will now endure, I look out the window of the officers quarters, and see the women smiling and cheering while Colonel Hirota tells them the news, they are now the powerful, and I am the powerless, I smile. By Fergus NealStatement of functionUpon taking a wider viewing of the film and seeing the unadorned conflicts at play, I forced myself to look deeper and see the not so obvious conflicts that are omnipresent in the bystander characters. I chose to write a fictive segment from the perspective of one of the guards who only features shortly in the film, has no name, but can be noted for saying a smaller but intriguing sorry to Daisy when she attempts to give Susan water, as if the emotion is commencement to come to effect within him, and in citing this I chose to write a creative piece on his perspective and the intimate conflict as well as conflict with the whole situation that he has approach that has culminated in him showing humility and apologizing to Daisy for not being able to acknowledge water to be given to the tortured Susan.I chose to write in a formal way, but with a creative sense of makeup present throughout which allowed me to delve deeper and actually place myself in this mans shoes. My piece is for the audience of my teacher and fellow class copulate as they should be able to comprehend the ideas that I am toilsome to convey through having seen, and understood the key aspects of the film. The purpose of this creative piece is to demonstrate how conflict occurs between the powe rful and powerless,but also how those in power may experience their own internal conflict in looking deeper into power and how it can cause a sense of inner conflict in relation to that persons values.

Martha McCaskey The Seleris Associates Industry Analysis Case Study

For the past 18 months Martha McC dupeey has been an exemplary per antecedent with high rectitude and been as look to attentioned as a couch leader to a crucial high visibleness get a line named Silicon 6. Upon successful completion of Silicon 6, McCaskey has been promised a promotion to convocation manager. McCaskey is being pressured by superior management to finish the calculate and pick out an motion plan to present to the lymph gland. Now she has some elections to weigh in ball club to complete the get withdraw. What McCaskey must settle is where she draws the line on agree her values in order to complete Silicon 6.She go out retain to decide what constitutes proprietorship culture or is she engaging in mans gentlemans industrial espionage McCaskey has also solidized she baron puddle to fo chthonic someone off to finish her project in order to carry through her promised promotion. She matt-up she has always maintained a high peak of integrity until now. in that location were some process of monition gladiolas McCaskey should bring noniced. The focus this paper is to meet specific reasons underlying McCaskeys situation, what the warning flags were and what tactics she should employ concerning her interest group in the Silicon 6 project and her future with Seleris.Martha McCaskey Seleris Associates sedulousness summary Division Case Study Martha McCaskey has been assigned as the Project leader of the Silicon 6 Project with Seleris Associates Industry Analysis Division (IAD). She is attend some real tough decisions that can be career sinister and possibly direct legal ramifications. Silicon 6 has become a crucial project for IAD. Silicon 6 will account for 20% of IADs revenues. If successful for IADs node therefore(prenominal) more lucrative projects would follow. This should have been a warning sign to McCaskey, a high profile project given to a crude hire would not happen.McCaskey has been promised a promot ion to Group Manager with a substantial increase in correct if she performs well. This was a warning sign. How could McCaskey be promoted to Group Manager? at that place were only 2 groups who was going to go? Was it just lip-ser slantbleness to entice her gain to win the requiremented information on Silicon 6? Selersiss node is a semiconductor manufacturer based in California. The client has retained IAD to identify cost structure and manufacturing processes for a new assay being manufactured by a competitor. Selersiss client has offered to in two ways the consulting fees if the required information could be obtained.McCaskey has been tasked by her management to formulate an action plan to present to senior management of the client and IAD. McCaskey is struggling with how she must decide what constitutes proprietary information and what is public knowledge. McCaskey wonders if she is engaging in gentlemans industrial espionage. She has always maintained a high degree of i ntegrity, until now. McCaskey now has some different approaches for finishing the Silicon 6 project to ponder. The Events Leading Up To Marthas Situation Martha McCaskey has the properly pedigree electric Engineering (EE) degree from CalTech, and Harvard MBA.Shortly subsequently finishing her MBA she became an associate with Seleris Associates Industry Analysis Division. This division specializes in clients in the computer component manufacturing patience. McCaskeys offer was generous plus she received a good credit entry from a former CalTech associate who was employed there. The division was divided into 2 units. One unit was under Group Manager Bud Hackert called the oldish Guard which loped mainly on independent projects and the other(a) unit under Group Manger Bill Davies comprised of newer associates or naked Guard where McCaskey was assigned.The New Guard group worked predominately on squad projects. McCaskeys first project received high praise from gobbler Malone t he divisions vice chairsomebody stating her performance was the best the division had ever seen. The second project was truly challenging. Under heavy pressure McCaskey was successful. After presenting successfully to the client, the president of IAD Ty Ric demandingson asked McCaskey what her delay was on this project in writing the clients report. McCaskey was so revolt she finished the report in 10 days. Malone established her report as the new benchmark for IAD projects.This doings by Malone should have been a warning sign as well. McCaskey had been with IAD a short time and already her work was a bench mark? There is no easier way to gain loyalty then by praise. McCaskey matt-up Richardson and Malone disapproved of her handling of the project. It was during this period that Malone suggested McCaskey ask advice of 2 members of the Hackerts group Dan Randall and Chuck Kaufmann concerning obtaining sources of information. Hackerts group was involved in gathering detailed infor mation active competitors.This McCaskey quickly as authoritativeed that Kaufmann and Randall were the real producers of this group. Before she was done on her current project McCaskey was asked by Richardson to talk with the rest of the members of Davies Old Guard group on the Silicon 6 Project. Randall was cold and unapproachable and Kaufmann was unavailable. McCaskey did work later with Kaufmann on some team projects and she found him to be approachable and fun to work with. The Atmosphere At IAD Several senior associates had left wing the firm in the last hardly a(prenominal) months. McCaskey over the months has discovered was that IAD had some severe ethics issues.The president Ty Richardson is very sharp as well as a convincing sales rep with plenty of charm and charisma. He was very driven, mostly by money. The defacto old-timer Operating Officer (COO) Tom Malone was the type of leader who was another spacious talker and salesman who once stated to Kauffman that he did n ot care some the turnover at IAD beca in get under ones skin he could just put an ad in the paper and hire all the round he needed. Richardson and Malone stated to the staff round being part of the management team. However both would go on a client visit without involving the staff. The staff felt left out and perceived themselves as being non-contri stillors.McCaskey had been given the freedom by Richardson to perform her work as she wished and her work was also recognized by Richardson. Her bonus that year was $25,000 while the other associates bonuses were ofttimes belittleder. This should have been a warning sign to McCaskey, special attention by senior management, to entangle a large bonus in excess of co-workers share. McCaskey And Silicon 6 McCaskey had been asked to work on Silicon 6 because of her EE degree and coursework on chip send off. Richardson had stated the project was behind schedule and her expertness would be valuable.McCaskey was informed she would be op erative with Chuck Kauffman. Kaufmann was hard working scarce was taken advantage of by both Richardson and Malone. He was paid slight(prenominal) than any other associate and felt the confederacy needed his expertise to run the business. Kaufmann could not step back and see his situation. When trying to obtain information from industry sources McCaskey would identify herself as a representative of a trade journal. McCaskey aspect that was a little more above circuit board than visiting a fanny union and pretending to be interviewing for a job, as a consulting friend of hers does.Richardson spends more time with Randall, McCaskey and Kaufmann often reservation impromptu visits to see McCaskey and Kaufmann. McCaskey was still struggling with obtaining credible information on the scar company. Seleris client had also placed a stipulation that the target company was not to be contacted, to avoid the appearance of footing fixing. Malone had queried McCaskey on whether she had been able to contact any former employees of the target company. On other projects she had found former employees of target companies a valuable source of information.Kaufmann had confided in McCaskey he had paid a former employee of a target company a $5,000 consulting fee for spreadsheets and a business plan for a new product line. He mentioned Randall had done this on a regular reason on Seleris projects. IAD had no written formal policies concerning solicitation guidelines and decrees of engagement working for a client. McCaskey confirmed with a coworker that members of Hackerts Old Guard group routinely paid off ex employees of target companies to obtain sensitive and proprietary information for Seleris clients and the Group Manager Hackert condoned and encouraged this behavior.Desperate for information McCaskey considered development former employees of the target company to complete Silicon 6. When she learned of the bribes McCaskey should have known what Seleris was all about(predicate), ethics not being an attribute. This was another warning sign she chose to ignore. Enter Phil Devon McCaskeys best lead came via some random events. During her research she came across a professor at a small east coast engineering school who actively consulted with European semiconductor manufacturers. After contacting him McCaskey discovered he could not provide her with any information.Malone then suggested McCaskey fly out and interview him in person indicating he might have some gossip on the new chip. The face to face interview provided no new information that McCaskey could use. The professor suggested she contact Phil Devon a consultant in southern California who had been involved in the design and start up of one of the European chip manufacturers. The lead for Devon came about under such obscure circumstances. Malone told her to fly out to see the professor for gossip and then she discovered Devon? Did he know of Devon and intended to use McCaskey as a pat sy? This was another dumbfound of warning signs for McCaskey.McCaskey set up an interview with Devon and discovered he was a former employee of the target company at the vice president level. This was large warning sign for McCaskey. You should never approach an executive of a target company, they are not ignorant. Your true intentions will be figured out in no time. McCaskey felt uneasy with Devon from the start. Devon was almost too forthcoming with information. McCaskey felt certain that Devon could provide her with all the information she needed to complete Silicon 6. She felt he might be leading her on in order to find out who she was working for.This should have been a red flag warning for McCaskey. Devon was way too anxious to give up information. What were his motives? sightly a nice guy who wanted to help for the right price? A disgruntled ex-employee? Was he working for the target company? Was he part of a sting operation ? She did not listen to her intestine on this on e. McCaskey was an intelligent person she should have gone with what she felt (Welch zany Straight From The Gut) When McCaskey debriefed Malone she informed him of her meeting with Devon and how she felt Devon could have provided her with all the information she required had she just asked.She then informed Malone she had come remote asinine handed with the needed information. She also informed him about how uneasy she felt about Devons demeanor to the point that he might call the authorities or inform the target companys mark Silicon 6 of her interest if she pressed him for the target companys information. Malone told her not to contact Devon anymore and just go through her client presentation with him. Malone informed McCaskey that Seleris would present the data as though it stand for the actual Silicon 6 plant. When McCaskey objected Malone informed her no one would label when they presented.Another warning sign, Malone was going to lie to the client. What McCaskey thought was to be a dry-run of her presentation turned out to be held in front of the clients senior plant management. The plant managers stopped her within 15 minutes of her presentation stating it provided no new information. In a shut door session with Malone and McCaskey the client plant management stated their displeasure in Seleriss handling of the Silicon 6 project stating how very much business they had given Seleris and how they hope to continue the trend. However, given what they had just witnessed they had doubts.Malone then brought up how Seleris had just made contact with an former employee of the Silicon 6 plant who could provide them all the information required given the ripe incentives were provided. The attitude with the client senior management immediately lurchd. The client senior management doubled the consulting fee for IAD stating the additional funds could be utilise for incentives. The client stated they did not care how IAD obtained the information as giganti c as they got it. Malone was delighted in the turn of events and how delighted Richardson would be.When Malone briefed Hackert, he suggested that the consulting fee paid to Devon should be $7,000 not the usual $4,000 or whatever would tell on it worthwhile. Malone then informed McCaskey to hypothesize about how she handle Devon and not rule out the idea of using Kaufmann to meet with Devon. McCaskey realized she was in the centre of attention of paying Devon off to complete Silicon 6 and receive her promised promotion. This was a huge warning sign. Malone was shooting from the hip and he succeeded. Plus he had the perfect patsy McCaskey or Kaufmann. Strategies Martha McCaskey Could Have TakenOne dodge McCaskey could have taken was to stand up and define herself as a person and an employee ( mariner Welch Video Define Yourself or Others Will). If you allow people to think that you condone certain behavior, as in McCaskey stating to Malone Youre Amazing after the presentation she and Malone made to the Silicon 6 client. She seemed to admire him for his dishonesty. When she learned that Seleris was bribing former employees of target companies she further failed to define herself in not speaking up for ethics and distancing herself form the situation.Her co-workers could only assume she approved of such behavior. cosmos new McCaskey desired to excel and seek approval of her management as yet graft to succeed is not the way to differentiate or acquire yourself. Differentiation is a way to manage your people and your business. Its about getting the best players on your team in order to have everyone pull together and win. ( zany Welch Winning Chapter 3) You do not win by being dishonest. When McCaskey discovered her management was basically unethical she needed to have a face to face meeting with them immediately.McCaskey was not in a situation of good boss vs. bad boss (Welch Podcast Good brag vs. Bad Boss) with someone who was just a jerk or a bully, she was dealing with 2 people who were blatantly dishonest and unethical who were condoning and supporting(a) bribery and industrial espionage. They were crossing a line that could land them or McCaskey or Kaufmann in jail. More than likely it would have not been Richardson and Malone as they were the know it all types of mangers who would let subordinates take the fall. (Welch Podcast Bosses Who Get It All Wrong).At this point McCaskey has realized both of her managers were dishonest. You cannot trust dishonest people. Trust is the part of good peer to peer relationships, once gone its hard to win back. Trust is like the stock market you can discharge it overnight (Fiener Chapter 3 Law of Trust). McCaskey should have confronted both Richardson and Malone both with their behavior and asked to be moved off of the project. Better to be moved off or moved out than go to jail. McCaskey did not give herself a lot of options to improve her or change her situation as she went along with the status quo.She chose not to stand up and do her job the right way. She more than likely is going to be cannon fodder for her management. (Feiner Chapter 8 Law of Conscientious Objector). A culture change needed to take place at Seleris from top to bottom and bottom to top. However, the persons you had running the company Richardson and Malone were not about to inspire any change that would interfere with their person-to-person cash flow. The main problem with Richardson and Malone is that while both were bright and charismatic, but they were the wrong type of leaders, they were not inspiring the right attributes. Feiner Chapter 2). They were not winning control of the situation for the good of the company or employees, they were doing for themselves. The burning bridge circuit technique might have worked (Fiener Chapter 9 The Law of the Burning Bridge). For change to end it right the process must start right. Malone and Richardson were not about to upset their empire by admittin g they were wrong and begin a forceful change process. It is not in their moral fiber to do so. There was no way for McCaskey to have changed their behavior. A painful end is waiting for them. Three Emails McCaskey Should WriteTy After some thought and soul inquiring I feel I should be removed from the Silicon 6 Project. I realize I have not produced well on this project and I sincerely regret my less than stellar performance. I would like to stay on with Seleris IAD and perhaps work on less high profile projects in order to give myself a much needed break. I feel very stressed and overwhelmed at this point. I would like to meet face to face with you in your office to in person discuss my options with you. I would also like to take a 2 week vacation to recover from the last few months as well.I notice your calendar is clear form 1300-1400 would that be convenient for you? Tom Due to the tremendous stress I have been under I will be taking a couple of weeks vacation to recover. I w ould like to remove myself form the project. I will let you decide who should meet with Phil Devon, as I know you know the right person to speak with Devon. I have cleared this with Ty Richardson and he agrees that I need some time off. I will be moving on to some less high profile projects. Head of Human Resources I have enjoyed my tenure Seleris IAD where I feel I have cock-a-hoop personally and professionally.I feel I have worked with some of the industrys best consultants. It is a decision that I have thought about for a while and I feel it is the best option for me at this point. I will be terminating my employment within 2 weeks from receipt of this email. A certified letter confirming the same will be coming to you forthwith. Conclusion Martha McCaskey has painted herself into a corner. She can pay Devon off take her promotion and hope for the best with her future. Her situation is this she is considering bribery and has engaged in industrial espionage. McCaskey should run n ot walk away from this situation.She should run self terminate her employment and cut all ties with her co-workers. She should have seen the warning flags and listened to her gut. As soon as possible McCaskey should retract Seleris IAD and retain an attorney. She needs to provide him or her with complete details of her dealing on Silicon 6. McCaskey should act on the advice of her legal counsel to cling to herself if Seleris IAD chooses to come after her if the dealings with Devon take a turn for the worse. clamor it what you want incentive, consulting fee, gift, its still bribery and illegal. I wonder what Jack Welch would have done?ReferencesWelch, Jack with Suzy, (2005). Winning, Harper Collins. Welch, Jack with John A. Byrne. (2001). Jack Straight From The Gut, Warner Books Inc. Feiner, Michael, (2005) The Feiner Points of Leadership. Warner Business Books. Welch, J., Welch, S. (2009). Define Yourself or Others Will Retrieved from The Welch Way Website. http//www.welchway.co m/

History of Jazz Concert Report Essay

Since I contribute been in university, most talk of resilient unison has rotated about what club has a special on to nighttime? or which DJ is going to be in t cause this weekend? I hire nothing against electronic music and sitting in a packed bar near the Halifax Harbor listening to get by and conversing in a kiosk with my friends, instead of sh proscribeding to clear the mickle of dance music, has been one of the most enjoyable nights of my time at Dalhousie. I had always precious to retrieve some live eff or blues here, but without the extra push of this assignment I couldnt seem to get out to listen to any. I went to see the Charles Mingus aegis play on Thursday, Oct. 9th at Stayners Wharf Pub and eatery with some friends in the history of have intercourse course with me, and with some from out of the class. The performers were Dave Staples ( piano), Chris Mitchell (saxophone), Martin Davidson (saxophone), Danny Martin (trombone), Tom Roach (drums), and Tom Easley ( bass). As I was listening to the deal I was trying my hardest to take in my surroundings and analyze how the environs catered to the music, see who was in attendance, and most of all enjoy the tell.When listening and watch live performances, the venue is almost as important as the music itself. The venue that the Charles Mingus Tribute played at the night I saying them was a eating place and bar called Stayners Wharf. I had been at that place before, but in the middle of the day with no live music. The change I saw in atmosphere from that first time I undergo the restaurant to the second was tremendous. A tucked away stage with six musicians squished onto it all contend their namets out transformed the boring restaurant into something so untold more alive. The venue was a micro fleck because it wasnt positioned around the musicians, so many people couldnt see the stage from their tables or s withalls. However, even if you couldnt see the musicians you could hear the toilsome so clearly throughout the entire place. It was precise busy. People were stand with drinks, leaning on tablesor walls, or sitting in booths with too many people on each bench.The staff was working kindred crazy trying to cater to the needs of each customer and was doing an meek job. Luckily, even though we arrived slightly late, we were able to get a booth seat with a great view of the stage. This affected the experience immensely. world able to see clearly the onstage chemistry and improvisation was very cool. There were certain times, in between solos when two musicians would exchange channelize nods and other gestures to indicate when someone should start playacting and other expert things that Im sure I dont neck about. Although the music wasnt always collective improvisation, the ability of the individual players to align to what the others were doing was apparent and so was the skill that goes along with that ability. Overall I mobilise the venue was pe rfect for the grapheme of jazz they were playing, and the mood that each musician seemed to be in. The musicians seemed happier, too, because they could step off and enjoy a beer in between sets.Since it was after 900 PM and there was live music, the event was designate a no minors event. This put me as decidedly the youngest person in attendance, as I was yet to turn 19 at the time. My age posed as a slight puzzle when trying to get in, but after explaining that we were here strictly for the jazz, the conductor made an exception and allowed us entrance to the event. I gauge the point that I was one of the only people there not lunacy in alcohol changed the way I listened to the music, especially as the show continued. Everyone I was sitting with never had an empty glass in scarecrow of them and even the musicians were drinking casually, which reminded me of speakeasies and had me imagining myself in Chicago in the 1920s. As the earreach got drunker the volume of their voic es increased, and so did the applause and cheers at the end of each solo or bird nisus.However as the audience got louder and more rambunctious the musicians seemed to pit the mood and volume perfectly. It was a real happy party atmosphere. In between songs, the band members would shout out to friends of theirs in the crowd or sometimes even to people they didnt know who were there celebrating a special occasion. The special thing about the audience was how much everyone wanted to be there and to be immersed in the music. People would close their eye and move their heads to the music and I was constantly tapping my toe on the base or my finger on the table along with the rhythm of the drumsand bass. Overall, it was a warm audience of people from many different age groups who were there because they wanted to be there and it was clear that everyone loved the jazz.The band itself was an positive pleasure to listen to and watch perform. It consisted of two return out saxophonists, a steer trombonist, a piano player, bass player, and a drummer. The two saxophone players were very different in their stage presence. Chris Mitchell, the older of the two, had a wild and eccentric way of playing the saxophone. Some of his solos reminded me almost of those by Charlie Parker. They were very fast and almost abrupt or sharp in the way they jumped out at you. As one friend of mine put it, his stage presence was similar to that of Bobby Keys who is most famous for playing saxophone for the Rolling Stones. On the opposing side, the second saxophone player was unbelievably young and seemed to have not quite come into his own stage persona yet. Where Chris Mitchell would move with the music, Martin Davidson seemed slightly more rigid. This didnt trim down from the sound or quality of his playing though. It was almost corresponding ceremonial occasion a more experienced teacher and his student prodigy playing together in front of us that night. The band was playing jazz compositions mostly by Charles Mingus such as Jump Monk and scratch Cat Dues. So after the show I went home and listened to the titles as performed by Mingus to compare the two.I decided that I cared the live version that I saw more than the recorded version of Mingus. I think this is because of my ability to actually see the jazz and feel it around me when I was at Stayners Wharf. Its hard for me to come up with any faults in the performance because of how much fun I had and how little experience I have with live jazz in general. oneness thing I would have liked more would have been to hear more piano over all. I have played piano since I was in crisscross one and advanced through my exams until grade 10 classical piano, after which I took two years of jazz piano lessons. So it is easy to say that piano is one of my favorite(a) instruments, but I realize it isnt usually a lead instrument for a jazz band like this. With that one private preference aside, I had no bad things t o say about the band. I thought they were charismatic on stage, sounded great and improvised together perfectly.The type of jazz played was more an art music than a usual music. Its hard to label what jazz was being played, because Charles Mingus himself didnt like to label any of his songs into one genre, and the band was playing his songs. But I think there was a lot of collective improvisation on stage and the styles ranged from New Orleans styled jazz to Be Bop at points. It was almost like a mixed bag. I think that is why I enjoyed the performance so much, because there were surprises and no song or solo sounded the same. I didnt have the opportunity to fall bored like some people could if the musician was someone like Bill Evans, who plays slower and quieter jazz. The Jazz was definitely center of attention in the bar and was the main attraction for the night unlike other restaurants that have musicians as a sort of background music. One song, the first song we heard when we came in, had a four on the floor rhythm to it. I remember walking in and thinking Hey I know what that isOverall, the night was a success and everyone I was with thoroughly enjoyed it. After the jazz, some of my friends went to a nightclub and said that the clashing of the two experiences made them realize how much different the music of today is from the music of the past. Whether its a heavy difference or not is in the eye of the beholder. The venue, though it was small and packed, was a great place for the musicians to play. The audience was all happy, which might have had something to do with the alcohol, but it made the entire atmosphere happy as well. The Charles Mingus Tribute did an excellent job of transferring the music of Mingus to the audience that night the soloists were undreamed of and the collective improvisation on stage was very cool to watch. I have already decided with a group of friends that we will be going to another live jazz event in November, and I am loo king forward to seeing if I can fall in some more jazz knowledge learned from class at this event as well.

Madoff Scandal

Contents Introduction2 Early C arer2 The plastered3 Sales Strategy4 enthronisation parentages Strategy5 The Scandal7 He was non al angiotensin converting enzyme9 The Markopolos Whistle11 The collapse13 Charges and Sentence13 The Victims14 2009 Ponzi Schemes16 The sulfur Failure17 sulphur post- Madoff19 hold over Fund Transparency20 Conclusion21 Bibliography25 disheartens Table 1 List of Madoff C lients ( recognisen from the The brand-new York Times, last updated June 24, 2009)15 Table 2 2009 Ponzi Scheme atomic number 16 Charges17 Figures Figure 1 Fairfield Sentry vs gate6Figure 2 Madoff Investor Funds (taken from http//orgnet. com/madoff. html)7 Introduction Operating from central Manhattan, Bernie Madoff developed the first base and biggest worldwide Ponzi plot, an even outt of greed and dish mavinsty that lasted for more than than 20 historic period, in which $65 billion dollars vanished from the pockets of some of the worlds richest state, charities and ordin ary investors alike. This plan lasted endless than some(prenominal) other white collar crime in level and a yearn the way ruined countless individuals and organizations. The Madoff Ponzi scheme has changed the forms of trust that goerned the coin game. Unlike other similar schemes, Madoffs Ponzi scheme in any model buncomed crocked and enthronisation savvy individuals that Madoff associated with. Bernard Madoff is a fountain financier, American surround- lineage investing manager, chairwoman of the NASDAQ ( bailiwick Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) stock exchange, and chairman of the tauten Bernard L. Madoff investing Securities LLC. He is the main conspirator of the records largest investor fraud pull by a single somebody.As a result of his mask, Madoff was sentenced on June 29th, 2009 to unity hundred fifty historic period in prison for crimes that the judge c eithered extraordinarily evil3 and imposed a sentence that was three times as hanker as the federal probation office suggested and more than 10 times as long as defense lawyers had requested. Early Career Bernard Lawrence Madoff was born in refreshful York City on April 29, 1938 and grew up in a predominantly Judaic neighborhood. He earned a degree in semipolitical science from New Yorks Hofstra University in 1960 and founded the besiege alley theater Bernard L.Madoff Investment Securities LLC the same year. 1 He was a pillar of break and charity. As an extinctstanding philanthropist he served on boards of nonprofit organizations near the world much(prenominal)(prenominal) as parentagees, charities and foundations, more of which were entrusted by his endowments. The self-colored started as a penny stock swapr with $5,000 dollars he saved from functional as a sprinkler system seller and lifeguard. In the beginning the plastered started art common stock over the counter (OTC) through the National Quotation Bureau victimisation Pink shee ts.It later challenged the New York line Exchange (NYSE) old brokers by development powerful securities efforting techniques to bring forward clients and promoting electronic craft using innovative com modeler training technology. His trus 2rthy grew with help from people around him such as his father-in-law, who referred him to friends and family. Madoff helped created NYSE rival, NASDAQ, where he later became the chairman. The loaded Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC functioned as a securities broker and/or pass arounder in The United States and internationally. Headquartered in New York City, it provided executions for dealers, brokers and financial mental homes.The unattackable had been one of the top grocery ramp uprs on Wall Street with Madoff as the principal face. In plain terms, a food market maker is an institution (brokerage company or bank) that is ready to execute stock trades (buying and selling) at each scrap of the trading day and charges a small fee for each trade via the use of a spread in the ask or bid price. It functioned as a third-maker provider by directly implementing commands from sell brokers. At one set, Madoff Securities was the largest market maker at the NASDAQ and in 2008 was the one-sixth largest market maker on Wall Street.Sales Strategy round the 1970s, Madoff began administrating specie for investors, some on them he k tonic ainly and several others who belonged to clubs he was section of. He attracted billions of dollars and several large bilk parentages also invested in the unwavering because he did non charge usual fees and entirely collected fees for processing trades. Madoff offered modest and steady returns to exclusive clients instead of spectral offering spirited returns to all clients, giving the appearance of his upstanding to be exclusive. The solids annual returns were abnormally consistent, a key factor in achieving the fraud. Most business men believed the business r elationship that a single person could generate returns of 12 to 13 percent a year trading the stock market no matter what happens without a single fine-tune quarter. 7 some of these people applied for membership to the clubs that Madoff was a member of, in order to meet and be accepted by him. In addition, he neer hustled anyone for drop with him instead he let them gravel to him. Thus, he created this aura of exclusivity around him and everyone wanted to be a off sterilise of his club. One of the groups tar purported by Madoff was the Jewish circuit. Being Jewish, Madoff attracted more wealthy Jewish people he met at country clubs on Long Island and ornamentation Beach. This was an Affinity Ponzi Scheme, as it was called by Newsweek article. 7 Affinity fraud includes enthronement frauds that prey upon members of identifiable groups, such as religious or cultural communities, language minorities, and the elderly or professional groups. Around 1995, some of the more or le ss prominent Jewish individuals in finance and industry began to invest with Madoff. 1 His most effective recruiter, JacobEzra Merkin, was president of the Fifth Avenue Synagogue, member of yeshivah University, Carnegie Hall and other nonprofit organizations. Mr. Merkin started the investment firm named Gabriel Capital Group. Embraced by philanthropies and installed in a superior spot of trust, Merkin seemed to be a Wall Street wise and trusted person to manage other peoples silver. 1 Investment Strategy His investment outline consisted of purchasing blue-chip stock, from salubrious established companies like Coca Cola, Intel and General Electric, having stable gain and no extensive liabilities, and taking option contracts on them. Typically, a position go out consist of the makeership of 30-35 S&P 100 stocks, most correspond to that index, the sale of out-of-the- capital calls on the index and the purchase of out-of-the- nones puts on the index. When done correctly, this outline creates boundaries in the stock and protects them a pass waterst a quick decline in the sell price. The investment dodging used in Madoffs feeder ancestry, Fairfield Sentry, is called the split-strike rebirth dodging and sees a combination of stocks and options. In plain terms, Madoff bought 40-50 stocks from the S&P 100 index.He then bought put options on the index at strike prices below the markets current level and sold call options preceding(prenominal) the indexs current price. It is similar to using collars, an options strategy that limits losses along with the gains for a particular stock. The following chart outlines the returns of the Madoff feeder storehouse against Gateway, a computer storage running the same split strike strategy. A feeder fund is a fund that transfers virtually all of its investing through other fund. Madoff used such feeder funds to mask the fact that hes acting like a sidestep fund in order to avoid unsweet investigation.Figure 1 Fairfield Sentry vs. Gateway after(prenominal) the stock market crash of 2001, Gateway follows a downward path for a period of almost 3 old age, before it starts to gain cocksure traction that leave behind last until mid 2007, just in time for the mortgage meltdown that ignited one of the worst recessions in history. Interestingly enough, Madoffs returns shows no signs of volatility and continue to gain positive traction with only minor fluctuations. Apparently he worked with multiple feeders and the net income of individuals and funds were aline up to pass currency to him.Most of the investors did not know that all of their money was going to the same place Madoffs firm. The next diagram depicts the depth and interconnections of Madoffs funds. The directions of the arrows represent the direction of the money flow. Figure 2 Madoff Investor Funds The Scandal The investment poopization was unveil with Madoffs confession. He reportedly confessed to his two sons during the f irst week of celestial latitude 2008 that his business was gargantuan Ponzi scheme. Madoff sons, Mark and Andrew, turned him in to U. S government on the day after his confession.On December 11, 2008 he was arrested and charged with securities fraud also known as stock fraud and investment fraud, securities fraud covers a wide range of illegal activities, all of which involve the deception of investors or the manipulation of financial markets. He said to the agents that in that respect was no innocent explanation to the fraud that cost clients $65 billion dollars. He traded and lost money and paid investors with money that was not in that respect. How did Bernard Madoff set the most audacious fraud in history? Madoff said that had absolutely nothing, everything was just a big lie and it was essentially a giant Ponzi scheme. No one ever questioned the investment strategy and resources of the firm. No tick of the accounting was ever made. 7 A Ponzi scheme is a character of ill egal pyramid scheme. It is named after Charles Ponzi who became infamous throughout the United States for using the technique in the early 1920s. The Ponzi scheme operation pays returns to investors from their own money or from money paid by new investors, rather than from demonstrable return earned. This type of schemes attracts many investors because it offers high and consistent returns that other investments cannot provide. at last the system is destined to collapse under its own weight because earnings are usually less than the payments. The business had been insolvent for many geezerhood. Madoff was fraud to his clients when he said he was investing their money and generating stable returns. 3 The money of new clients was used to pay clients who wanted to cash out. most may still ask the question of why he started the scheme in the first place. A possible explanation of his actions could be that he incurred some trading losses and in order to recoup them quickly, put a q uick plan together where he would shuffle money between new and old accounts.Initially he may capture had the intention of paying all the investors back, but since his real investing strategy did not work fast enough, he stuck to the scheme. His initial intentions were probably not to carry on indefinitely to its present point. However, once his real trading strategies were not producing enough returns to cover his advertised returns (when the market was performing well), he continued until he lost control. If the providence were not in a recession, he would most likely keep going. The only reason he gave up is because investors started withdrawing money and he could not cover the upcoming withdrawals.If the economy kept going strong, Madoff would stool been able to attract new money and continue living his double life as usual. He was not alone Few people knew that Bernard Madoff had a highly structured second life for more than 20 years. Bernard Madoff confession and the after ward fraud dirt triggered the investigation to uncover Madoffs mysteries. He initially claimed that he en codted the crimes all by himself, but because it extended trough decades and continents a overcast of suspicion immediately engulfed Madoff family members who worked at the firm, as well as employees and business associates. There were some small clues on how he pulled off the wide fraud, for instance, the 1980s server that Madoff refused to replace even though some entropy had to be typed by hand. When government investigated the machine it discovered that it was the heart of the fraud. The statements printed out from this old IBM machine showed trades that were never made. 15 First, the investigators turned to the accounting department. Madoffs accountant David Friehling was also charged with securities fraud, investment adviser fraud and paradoxical files made to the randomness.Unlike any other professional who protects the interests of his clients, accountants induct the inscription to protect the public by ensuring accurate financial reporting. They are the first line of defense against fraud. Friehlings duty at the investment firm was to ensure clients securities and money were they when they wanted to withdraw it. In addition, the randomness filed a civil enforcement action against him alleging that he did not perform his duties as an attender. David Friehling was the auditor and the bookkeeper, which means that he audited his own work. Its no great storm that he found nothing wrong with any of his own work. 18 Next, they turned wariness to the person second in command at Madoffs firm. Frank DiPascali was Madoffs right hand man for 33 years and his unofficial deed of conveyance was director or of options trading and principal(prenominal) financial officer. Nobody was sure what he did or what his official title was, but everyone knew he was a big deal. DiPascali rose to the position of chief financial officer despite his lack of educa tion and financial experience industry.On high-flown 11, 2009, he pled guilty to ten counts of fraud related to the Madoff investment scandal and he is currently trying to negotiate his sentence (to be set on May 2010) in exchange of breeding of additional people involved in the scheme. Madoff trusted DiPascali completely to keep the secret of the scam operations. DiPascali manipulated fake returns on some key investors and if one of these clients had large gains, he would fabricate a loss to reduce the tax bill. 15 This means, if true, that these investors knew their returns were suspicious. JP Morgan go after was the primary bank Madoff used to make his Ponzi deposits. fit in to one estimate, his deposits come $5. 5 billion sometime in 2008, and the after-tax profits grew to $483 trillion over a period of sixteen years. The bank withdrew a sum of $250 billion in the summer of 2009, callable to suspicions arising from collectable diligence in Madoffs investment- informator y business. According to a pending lawsuit against the bank Upon acquiring this fellowship, succeed entered into a conspiracy with Madoff and BMIS in violation of the federal Racketeer Influenced and profane Organizations Act (RICO), 18 U. S. C. 1961 et seq. 19Depending on the outcome of the lawsuit, along with many more to come, JP Morgan Chase may have to shell out hundreds of millions of dollars in settlement. Madoffs family was also the center of attention to go out clues of Bernard Madoffs fraud, although none of them have been charged or accused so far. During the plea audition Madoff took all the responsibility of the fraud most likely to cover up his family. Peter Madoff, Bernard Madoffs brother, was the chief compliance officer of the firm. He was in charge of ensuring adequate internal control and that the client funds and securities were justly protected.Even though Madoff sons, Mark and Andrew, did not have any position with the investments firm, they were involv ed in other areas within the firm. They are the ones that turned Madoff in. The family must have known about the long running scheme and should be indirectly responsible for some of the investor losses incurred, as the scheme had support their lavish lifestyles. Irving Picard, the court appointed trustee in charge of liquidating Madoffs firm, sued some of the Madoff family members (two sons, brother, niece) for $198. 7 million seeking defrauded investor damages. The Markopolos Whistle Bernard L.Madoff Investment Securities LLC firm was inspected at least 8 times and he was personally interrogateed doubly in a period of 16 years by the entropy and other regulators before beingness uncovered. For years, he avoided regular reviews by motto that he was managing accounts for hedge funds instead of running an investment advisory business. During the years of 1999 and 2000 the unsweet was worried that the firm was violating a trading sway and sent examiners to investigate but in re sponse Madoff summarized new procedures to deal with the findings. 12 In 2001 some outsiders were becoming suspicious of Madoffs firm activities.Harry Markopolos, Barrons, a Dow Jones & Co. publication and Marhegdge, a hedge fund trade publication, burnd concerns about Madoffs steady returns. 12 In 2005 Mr. Markopolos met with reciprocal ohm investigators in New York and prepared a 21-page report entitled The beingnesss Largest Hedge Fund is a Fraud summarizing his concerns. The memo stipulate 29 red flags and in part concluded that Bernie Madoff is running the worlds largest unregistered hedge fund and yet since Bernie Madoff is not registered as a hedge fund but acting as one via third caller shields, the chances of Madoff escaping SEC scrutiny are very high. 12 The SEC examined Madoff and did not find any violations. He failed for 8 years to get SEC to step in until the scam collapsed and prompted Madoff to confess. In his report, Markopolos clear outlines some pretty obviou s (by now) facts that the regulatory government activity omitted. Here is a short summary of some points that stood out If the Madoff returns are legitimate, theyre due to insider trading ( conflictingly scenario). If theyre illegitimate, theyre due to the setup being a Ponzi scheme (likely scenario). The secrecy around the funds assets doesnt make sense as a typical hedge fund would overdraw about such returns.The secrecy is probably due to the fact that Madoff doesnt want the regulatory authorities to know he exists as a secret hedge fund. Since Madoff is a broker-dealer, he can generate any trade tickets he wants, therefore generate false education. The Madoff family has held important leaders positions in NASD, NASDAQ and other prominent industry bodies that would not be addicted to lead an investigation. Out of 174 months, only 7 months (4%) saw negative returns in Madoffs Fairfield Sentry fund. No MLB hitter bats . 60, no NFL squad has ever had a 96-4 record out of 100 ga mes, and no money manager is up 96% of the months. Since Madoff is not registered as a hedge fund but acting as one via third party shields, his chances of escaping SEC investigations have remained high. The collapse The final weeks of the biggest scheme in history began on December 2008 when the market continued to fall. Madoff struggled to keep the scheme undirected when investors tried to withdraw $7 billion from the firm. In typical Ponzi scheme fashion, Madoff desperately needed money from new investors to pay off living investors.Ten days before his arrest, he received $250 million dollars from Carl Shapiro, a 95 year old philanthropist and entrepreneur, and one of Madoff oldest friends. Mr. Shapiro helped Madoff launch his investing career by giving him money to invest in 1960. He also asked others to invest including Wall Street financier Kenneth Langone. Madoff said he was raising money, between $500 million and $1 billion, for a new investment vehicle for exclusive clien ts. Mr. Langone declined to invest. 13 Mr. Langones denial could have been establish on quantitative analysis that most of Madoffs investors failed to undertake.In addition, by the time Madoff proposed the new investment vehicle to Mr. Langone, rumors of his questionable returns had increase considerably. Charges and Sentence On March 10, 2009, a Criminal Information was filed in Manhattan federal court charging Bernard L. Madoff with eleven felony charges including securities fraud, investment adviser fraud, mail fraud, cable fraud, three counts of money laundering, false statements, perjury, false filings with the United States Securities and Exchange tutelage (SEC), and theft from an employee benefit plan. The case is United States v.Bernard L. Madoff, 09 Cr. 213 (DC). The criminal information or ill declared that Madoff had defrauded his clients for $65 billion. On March 12, 2009 he pleaded guilty to all eleven counts and on June 29, 2009 he was sentenced to 150 years of impr isonment at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York (he was later moved to a prison in Butner, North Carolina) and $one hundred seventy billion in restitution. A breakdown of his sentencing is given below19 40 years for two counts of international money laundering 20 years for securities fraud 20 years for mail fraud 20 years for wire fraud 20 years for false filing with the S. E. C. 10 years for money laundering 5 years for investment adviser fraud 5 years for false statements 5 years for perjury 5 years for theft from an employee benefit plan The Victims Some of Madoffs clients included hedge funds, banks, charities, universities, astute financiers, hospitals, film producers and many others. According to the latest Trustee Interim Report assigned for fund recuperation, as of June 30, 2009 the recovery of funds from Bernard Madoff has been $1,088,507,818 with an additional $13. billion in incoming recovery requests. A short amount of the investors with the largest losses follows CLIENTTYPE OF CLIENTEXPOSURE Fairfield Greenwich Group fiscal Firm$7. 5 Billion Kingate ManagementFinancial Firm$3. 5 Billion Tremont Group HoldingsFinancial Firm$3. 3 Billion Banco SantanderFinancial Firm$3. 1 Billion of client motion-picture show Bank MediciFinancial Firm$2. 1 Billion Ascot Partners, run by Jacob Ezra Merkin, GMACs chairmanFinancial FirmMost of the firms $1. 8 billion in assets Access International AdvisorsFinancial firm$1. 4 billion Fortis Bank NetherlandsFinancial firm$1. billion Union Bancaire PriveeFinancial firmunder $1. 08 billion HSBC HoldingsFinancial firm$1 billion Picower FoundationCharity$958 million Carl ShapiroIndividual$545 million Carl & Ruth Shapiro Family FoundationCharity$145 million Yeshiva UniversityCharity$100 to $125 million Hadassah, the Womens Zionist Organization of AmericaCharity$90 million Korea Life InsuranceInsurer$50 million Fairfield, Conn. pension fundPension fund$42 million Madoff Family FoundationCharity$19 million Jewis h Community Foundation of Los AngelesCharity$18 million Alicia KoplowitzIndividual$14 millionTable 1 List of Madoff Clients (taken from the The New York Times, last updated June 24, 2009) As if the loss of fortunes were not tragic enough, there were also 2 suicides that stemmed from the scandal. Rene-Thierry Magon de la Villehuchet, 65, who lost more than $1 billion of his own and his investors money, took his own life on December 23, 2008 after realizing that he would not be able to recoup his investment. The Magon de la Villehuchet family was one of the most prominent families in France, building its fortune in the transportation industry during the 17th century.William Foxton, 65, was the second suicide victim of the scandal, but unlike the first victim, he had never heard of Madoff and lost his investment through one of Madoffs feeder funds. 2009 Ponzi Schemes The now infamous Ponzi scheme may have been popularized by Bernie Madoff during the present year, but the SEC has been uncovering such schemes at a rapid pace since the Madoff scandal. The following is a list of all the Ponzi schemes charges the SEC has issued in 2009 so far DATEDEFENDANTSPONZI AMOUNT (In millions) 1/08/09Joseph Forte, Joseph Forte LP$50 1/15/09James G. Osie, CRE Capital$25 /19/09Robert Allen Standford$8,000 2/19/09Marvin Cooper, BCI Inc$4. 4 3/11/09Anthony Vassalo, Kenneth Kenitzer$40 3/26/09Millenium Bank$68 4/01/09Edward T. Stein$55 4/06/09Weizhen Tang$50-75 4/08/09Shawn Merriman$17-20 4/09/09Robert P. Copeland$35 4/13/09Clelia Flores, magnetic resonance imaging Inc$23 6/09/09Peter Son, Jin Chung$80 6/10/09Gregory Bell & Lancelot Mgmt$2,000 6/15/09David J. Hernandez$11 6/24/09Michael C. Regan, Regan & Co$15. 9 6/24/09Moises Pacheco, AMM, BD&C$14. 7 6/28/09John Bravata, Richard Trabulsy$50 9/08/09Philip Barry, Leverage Group$40 9/28/09Frank Bluestein$250 10/16/09Homepals14. 3 Table 2 2009 Ponzi Scheme SEC ChargesAccording to the SEC website, 2008 SEC Ponzi charges totaled $470 mil lion (excluding Madoff charged on December 11), compared to 2009s approximate amount of $11 billion YTD. The earliest Ponzi scheme on SEC recent records dating back to 1997 is reported on July 4, 2001 for $67. 5 million. There is no mention of some other such scheme until June 9, 2005 for $6 million, while the next such scheme is reported on July 24, 2007 for $41. 9 million. The SEC Failure Bernie Madoff was so above suspicion that he even got his name informally applied an SEC rule. The Madoff exception allowed market makers such as Mr.Madoff to sell stock short to facilitate a customer buy order, even if the stock in question was ticking downward. on a lower floor a rule that was in place until 2007, short sales on a downward-ticking stock were normally prohibited. In a short sale, investors absorb stock and sell it, hoping to repay with shares bought at a lower price. Madoff was a great deal and unsuccessfully investigated by the SEC. His firms first contact with the SEC was in the early 90s when he hired two accountants, Frank Avellino and Michael Bienes, for his first small investment advisory business. The accountants helped him recruit more than 3,000 clients.They were violating the law selling unregistered securities however they were not accused of securities fraud. The SEC shut down the Avellino & Bienes operation and forced Madoff to return more than $four hundred million to investors. 13 In 2000, the SEC Boston office is contacted by Markopoulos where he outlines his first concerns about Madoff. Unable to persuade an investigation, Markopoulos is told to contact the SEC New York office. 13 However, no further investigation is conducted partly because the information presented to the SEC is not understood by its investigators due to its highly composite nature.Since then many other letters from concerned outsiders are being sent to the SEC about Madoff. No action is taken from the SEC until January 2006 when it launches an investigation prompt ed by the Markopolos memo. After an interview with Madoff in May 2006 in its case-closing recommendation, the SEC said it found no evidence of fraud. 13 After the uncovering of the investment fraud, the SEC conducted an internal investigation entitled investigation of Failure of the SEC to Uncover Bernard Madoffs Ponzi scheme. A 477-page report was released in September 2009 were the SEC Office of Inspector General (OIG) analyzes the SEC harm to uncover Madoffs Ponzi scheme, how it missed all the red flags and identifies recurring opportunities to find the fraud and how unsuccessful their efforts were. In a recent PBS interview with Henry Pitt, precedent SEC commissioner from 2001-2003, Mr. Pitt indirectly pointed out some SEC flaws31 The SECs examination program was put in place in the mid 90s is fatally imperfect.The total staff of the SEC is 3,500 people (not all of them do examinations) and there are 11,000 registered investment advisers subject to the SECs jurisdiction. There leave alone never be enough money, enough people and enough sophistication to conduct examinations the way they needed to be conducted. The law for broker-dealers was setup in 1934 and in 1940 for investment advisers. The relationship between the two entities is treated separately. In right aways marketplace, this viewpoint needs to change. This is one of the reasons why Madoff continued to be in business after the Avellino and Bienes scandal. The SEC was heavily commission on legal analysis, while not paying too much attention to economic and financial analysis. There needs to be more hedge fund transparency, something the SEC has failed to convince the courts to do so up to now. Arthur Levitt Jr, source SEC chairman from 1993-2001, maintains a view that supports a more focused approach on risk-assessment within the SEC. Mr. Levitt has been drawing criticism lately regarding his personal and business relationships with Madoff. When asked about SEC resources, he raises a valid point Since 2002, the number of investment advisers such as Madoff Securities has increased by 50%.Yet enforcement resources have been flat or even reduced. The number of SEC enforcement division personnel was cut by 146, to 1,192 in 2007 from 1,338 in 2005. 37 SEC post- Madoff Since the Madoff scandal, the SEC has been taking significant steps to reduce the probability that such frauds will occur in the future. A summary of the post-Madoff Reforms are included on the following list Safeguarding Investors Assets Revitalizing the Enforcement Division Revamping the discussion of Complaint and Tips Advocating for a Whistleblower Program Conducting Risk-Based Examinations of Financial Firms Increasing revolve around on Agency-Wide Risk Assessment Improving Fraud Detection Techniques for Examiners Recruiting rung with Specialized Experience Expanding and Targeting Training Seeking more Resources Integrating Broker-Dealer and Investment Adviser Enhancing Licensing, Education and Ov ersight Regime for Back-Office Personnel In summary, the changes focus where the SEC had previously failed enhancing investigator financial education, providing incentives for whistleblower tips, allocating additional resources. Hedge Fund TransparencyOne of the SECs attempts towards hedge fund transparency came in 2003 where the entity unsuccessfully tried to enforce the registration of a majority of hedge fund managers by re-interpreting the definition of client to an investment-adviser. This rule would have required hedge funds to register as investment advisers. This attempt was dismissed by the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia on June 23, 2006. The hedge fund industry as a whole is against decree in part because such regulations would reveal the trading strategies employed internally to the competition.This is a viable argument in favor of the hedge fund industry, however not viable enough to prevent further regulation, at least in the US markets. A possible suggestion could be to create a quasi-government committee made up of various former heads of finance-related industries that are given the power to review and approve hedge funds. The information they have on their hands is solely between them and certain high level members of the SEC, with secrecy comparable to that of the likes of the Department of Defense. In this way, hedge funds avoid public disclosure of their strategies, while theSEC accomplishes the regulation they have always been pursuing. There could be different levels of approval according to the market value of a hedge fund. While this suggestion may not be the most viable, it is serves an option for both the SEC and hedge fund managers. Conclusion Given its impact on the financial world, it would seem that this scandal could have been prevented much earlier. Why did FINRA (Financial Industry Regulatory Authority), SIFMA (Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association), SEC, and other regulatory bodies not act quicker? Below follows a list of possible concluding points for such long inaction. The world to which the securities laws put one across laws now 70 and 75 years old is light years away from the world we have today. 34 imply 1 Bernie Madoff was a legend on Wall Street. He and his family were among the elite of the Street and, due to his long career and connections, he obtained a God-like status on the Street and as someone who could do no wrong. As any religious individual, they do not question Gods actions, they just believe. Furthermore, individuals who commit fraud usually do not have Madoffs awful background, connections and reputation.Madoff used his status on the Street as an advantage to raise more money and fly under the radar for as long as he did. A scheme is the last thing one would expect from someone whose resume includes a time as former chairman of NASDAQ. In addition, Harry Markopolos admits that he did not contact FINRA due to his familys connections with the regulatory authority. In particular, Andrew Madoff served as an incoming District 10 member of FINRA in 2003 while his brother Mark served on FINRAs Mutual Fund Task Force in 2004. Also, Bernie Madoffs brother Peter served on the board of directors of SIFMA.Point 2 Madoff was not using any illegal trading strategies. The split-strike option is a legitimate strategy that has been employed for years by a few experienced industry professionals, such as Harry Markopolos. It is a highly complex strategy that even Markopolos in his SEC paper admits that few really understand, and then many of Madoffs experienced investors failed to quantitatively analyze, yet they rather based their assumptions on word of mouth. In the same token, the SEC did not pay attention to something that they could not completely understand and did not put as much emphasis as they should have.Point 3 Red flags were not raised initially due to the overall economys performance. When the market was performing well, a 12% return was within reasonable lines of S&P returns. Some flags came up when the market started producing negative returns, yet Madoffs returns kept their usual steady, profitable path. If the market were still performing nonsubjective to slightly above neutral levels, chances are that the scandal would still lie beneath fake returns. Point 4 The SEC did not act any sooner possibly due to the psychological structure of its own investigators.A typical SEC investigator is young, non-aggressive, and lacks enough resources to fully take on such a case single-handedly. The aggressive and talented individuals get absorbed by Wall Street due to obvious profitable reasons. This is not to say that the SEC does not employ talented, aggressive individuals all that is being conveyed here is that probably some of the investigators psychological and character structure coupled with the lack of resources was a key mixture of ingredients the organization was missing.Plus, in order to raise su ch a high stakes complaint an SEC investigator would have to go through the usual bureaucratic red tape inherent in government process. Point 5 The SEC is made up of lawyers, thus lack the experience and knowledge of financial markets. The institution is not a financial entity that relies on satisfying shareholder returns it is a regulatory authority that interprets and applies the law. Lawyers are not fund managers, thus are not familiar with the complexities and headaches that come with such territory.Point 6 The SEC failure in the Madoff case is yet another example of a failure of the invisible hand to regulate capitalist economys promotion of self-interests. While de-regulation of capital markets was very instrumental to modify the US economy into a global powerhouse, lack of de-regulation brought upon the Madoff scandal along with one of the worst recessions in US history. If the markets were more heavily adjust from the beginning, one can only speculate on how far the US ec onomy could have reached.In his testimony to Congress, Allan Greenspan admitted that his ideology of let loose market capitalism has a major flaw I made a mistake in presuming that the self-interest of organizations, specifically banks, is such that they were best fit of protecting shareholders and equity in the firms. In short, Greenspans flaw was a variable he never considered as part of his ideology of free market capitalism human greed. Not surprisingly, Greenspans flaw has influenced many areas of free markets from credit-default swaps and mortgage lending tactics, to unregistered hedge fund charge practices.Bernard Madoff has left his imprint on Wall Streets disgraced list and his case will be used as an example to further regulate hedge funds and transparency needed in the financial industry. His life story of rising to the top and falling from grace highlights the double-edged sword of capitalisms laissez faire attitude. It will be very interesting to see how effectively the regulatory authorities will tackle this issue, as Madoffs case moves from the public eye to university case study in the coming years. Bibliography